Monday, September 21, 2009
H1N1 influenza (swine flu)
H1N1 influenza, also known as "swine flu," is a newly identified virus that can spread from people who are infected to others through coughs and sneezes. When people cough or sneeze, they spread germs through the air or onto surfaces that other people may touch. H1N1 influenza is not transmitted from pigs to humans or from eating pork products. H1N1 influenza is a new virus to human populations, so people's bodies have little ability to fight H1N1 infection. To avoid spreading illness to others, people with symptoms of the flu should stay at home until any fever has been gone for at least 24 hours without the use of fever-reducing medicines.
What are the symptoms of H1N1 flu (swine flu)?
The symptoms of H1N1 flu in people are similar to the symptoms of seasonal flu and include fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue. Some people with H1N1 flu also reported diarrhea and vomiting. In the past, severe illness (pneumonia and respiratory failure) and deaths have been reported with swine flu infection in people. Similar to seasonal flu, swine flu may make chronic medical conditions worse.
When should I seek medical care?
Use the same judgment you would use during a typical flu season. Do not seek medical care if you are not ill or have mild symptoms for which you would not ordinarily seek medical care. If you have more severe symptoms of fever, cough, sore throat, body aches or are feeling more seriously ill, call your health care provider to discuss your symptoms and if you need to be evaluated.
If the following flu-like symptoms are mild, medical attention is not typically required.
* Runny nose or nasal stuffiness
* Low-grade fever for less than 3 days
* Mild headache
* Body aches
* Mild stomach upset
If the following flu-like symptoms are mild, medical attention is not typically required.
* Runny nose or nasal stuffiness
* Low-grade fever for less than 3 days
* Mild headache
* Body aches
* Mild stomach upset
If you get sick with influenza
* If you get sick, Public Health - Seattle & King County strongly recommends that you stay home from work or school so you can get better and keep others from getting sick.
* Also, if you get sick with influenza, remain at home and avoid contact with others until you've had no fever for 24 hours.
* Also, if you get sick with influenza, remain at home and avoid contact with others until you've had no fever for 24 hours.
Are there medicines to treat H1N1 flu (swine flu)?
Yes, the antiviral oseltamivir or zanamivir (brand names Tamiflu and Relenza) can treat infection with H1N1 influenza viruses. Antiviral drugs are prescription medicines (pills, liquid or an inhaler) that fight against the flu by keeping flu viruses from reproducing in your body. If you get sick, antiviral drugs can make your illness milder and make you feel better faster. They may also prevent serious flu complications. For treatment, antiviral drugs work best if started soon after getting sick (within two days of symptoms).
How do I get Tamiflu or Relenza?
Health care providers can prescribe Tamiflu or Relenza after examining a patient and determining that person is sick enough to need the medication. Do not try to buy Tamiflu or Relenza from companies offering the drugs online without a prescription. If your doctor prescribes Tamiflu for you, do not give your medication to anyone else, even if they have the same symptoms as you do. It can be harmful for people to take this medication if their doctor has not prescribed it.
When using facemasks:
* Change masks when they become moist
* Do not leave masks dangling around the neck
* Throw away used masks
* After touching or throwing away a used mask, wash hands or use alcohol sanitizer
* Do not leave masks dangling around the neck
* Throw away used masks
* After touching or throwing away a used mask, wash hands or use alcohol sanitizer
Can I go to large gatherings, like concerts and sports events?
To date, the severity of the H1N1 flu outbreak appears to similar to a regular winter flu season. Make decisions about going to large gatherings as you would during a winter flu outbreak. If you want to do everything you can to avoid catching H1N1 flu virus, then avoid large gatherings. It is especially important not to participate in group gatherings if you are ill or have symptoms of influenza.
Saturday, September 19, 2009
Public Health does not recommend the use of masks except for the following people:
* Sick people if they must be near others at home, or if they must leave the home (such as for an appointment with a health care provider).
* Caregivers of a people ill with influenza – when the caregiver leaves their home. This is to prevent spreading flu to others in case the caregiver is in the early stages of infection.
Whenever possible, do not rely on the use of facemasks or respirators alone to provide respiratory protection against novel influenza virus infection. The best way to prevent exposure to influenza is to avoid contact with ill people. Other steps include avoiding crowded setting and washing your hands frequently.
* Caregivers of a people ill with influenza – when the caregiver leaves their home. This is to prevent spreading flu to others in case the caregiver is in the early stages of infection.
Whenever possible, do not rely on the use of facemasks or respirators alone to provide respiratory protection against novel influenza virus infection. The best way to prevent exposure to influenza is to avoid contact with ill people. Other steps include avoiding crowded setting and washing your hands frequently.
Should I wear a mask?
Facemasks (surgical masks) may prevent the wearer from coughing on others, and may protect the nose and mouth of the wearer from contact with other people's coughs. They do not offer complete protection because they do not fit tightly to the face, allowing very small air particles to leak in around the edge of the mask.
HEALTH PROTECTION TIPS
What can I do to protect myself and my family?
Take these everyday steps to protect your health:
* Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue or your sleeve when you cough or sneeze. Throw the tissue in the trash after you use it.
* Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially after you cough or sneeze. Alcohol-based hand cleaners are also effective.
* Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth. Germs spread this way.
* Try to avoid close contact with sick people.
* Get a H1N1 influenza vaccine. The H1N1 influenza vaccine is not available yet, but it may be available in mid-October. In King County H1N1 vaccine will be distributed using Public Health clinics, private providers and pharmacies. Individuals and families can get their H1N1 influenza vaccine at the same place they get the seasonal flu vaccine.
* Get your seasonal flu vaccine. The H1N1 influenza vaccine does not replace seasonal flu vaccine. It is important that people in high risk groups for seasonal flu get their seasonal influenza shot so that they are protected. Older individuals are at higher risk for seasonal flu and Public Health recommends they get the flu vaccine every years.
* If you don't have one yet, consider developing a family emergency plan as a precaution. This should include storing a supply of extra food, medicines, and other essential supplies. This is to avoid contact with other people as much as possible, including trips to the store. Prepare to get by for at least two weeks on what you have at home.
Take these everyday steps to protect your health:
* Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue or your sleeve when you cough or sneeze. Throw the tissue in the trash after you use it.
* Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially after you cough or sneeze. Alcohol-based hand cleaners are also effective.
* Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth. Germs spread this way.
* Try to avoid close contact with sick people.
* Get a H1N1 influenza vaccine. The H1N1 influenza vaccine is not available yet, but it may be available in mid-October. In King County H1N1 vaccine will be distributed using Public Health clinics, private providers and pharmacies. Individuals and families can get their H1N1 influenza vaccine at the same place they get the seasonal flu vaccine.
* Get your seasonal flu vaccine. The H1N1 influenza vaccine does not replace seasonal flu vaccine. It is important that people in high risk groups for seasonal flu get their seasonal influenza shot so that they are protected. Older individuals are at higher risk for seasonal flu and Public Health recommends they get the flu vaccine every years.
* If you don't have one yet, consider developing a family emergency plan as a precaution. This should include storing a supply of extra food, medicines, and other essential supplies. This is to avoid contact with other people as much as possible, including trips to the store. Prepare to get by for at least two weeks on what you have at home.
H1N1 vaccine
Public Health recommends that people get vaccinated for H1N1 influenza and seasonal influenza. H1N1 and seasonal flu are different viruses that require different vaccines.A vaccine for H1N1 influenza is being developed, and vaccine manufacturers expect to have it ready in mid-October. Federal officials believe there will be enough H1N1 vaccine for everyone who wants it later this year. Initial supplies of vaccines will go to people most likely to get the virus. They include:
* Pregnant women
* Children and young adults 6 months to 24 years of age
* Persons ages 25-64 years old with health conditions that could make them dangerously ill from the flu (such as those with heart disease, diabetes, asthma, or anyone with a lowered immunity)
* Household members and caregivers of children younger than 6 months in age; and
* Healthcare workers and emergency medical service providers
People in these five high-risk groups should make every effort to get the H1N1 vaccine as soon as it becomes available.In King County, individuals and families will be able to get their H1N1 influenza vaccine at the same place they get the seasonal flu vaccine, such as Public Health clinics, private health care providers and pharmacies.The H1N1 influenza vaccine does not protect against seasonal flu. Public Health recommends that everyone at risk for seasonal flu, including seniors, gets the seasonal flu vaccine. Seasonal flu vaccine is available now at some pharmacies and clinic locations.
* Pregnant women
* Children and young adults 6 months to 24 years of age
* Persons ages 25-64 years old with health conditions that could make them dangerously ill from the flu (such as those with heart disease, diabetes, asthma, or anyone with a lowered immunity)
* Household members and caregivers of children younger than 6 months in age; and
* Healthcare workers and emergency medical service providers
People in these five high-risk groups should make every effort to get the H1N1 vaccine as soon as it becomes available.In King County, individuals and families will be able to get their H1N1 influenza vaccine at the same place they get the seasonal flu vaccine, such as Public Health clinics, private health care providers and pharmacies.The H1N1 influenza vaccine does not protect against seasonal flu. Public Health recommends that everyone at risk for seasonal flu, including seniors, gets the seasonal flu vaccine. Seasonal flu vaccine is available now at some pharmacies and clinic locations.
First swine flu victim had cancer
swine flu virus
A woman with cancer is the first person from NI to die of swine flu
A woman who became the first person in Northern Ireland to die of swine flu had been suffering from cancer for almost five years.Caroline Hoy from Ahoghill died at Belfast City Hospital on Thursday night.The mother of two young children had been diagnosed with terminal cancer before she contracted swine flu.
Mrs Hoy was buried after a funeral service at Trinity Presbyterian Church in the County Antrim village on Sunday.Lee Porter, a soldier from Coleraine, County Londonderry, died from swine flu at a hospital in Surrey on 31 July.In the Republic of Ireland, two people have died of swine flu.A man from the east of Ireland died last week. He did not have an apparent underlying medical condition.Earlier this month, an 18-year-old woman from Sligo died from the virus at Tallaght Hospital. She had an underlying medical condition.Isolated In Northern Ireland, the Department of Education said last week that it had compiled instructions for schools and advice for parentIf a child shows symptoms, the department said, he or she should be taken from class and isolated from other children while waiting for someone to take them home."Because the flu is likely to spread through the community anyway, schools are advised not to close during an outbreak, apart from exceptionalcircumstances where they cater for children who are particularly vulnerable to infection or are very short of staff," the department said.The circular to schools said pregnant teachers or those recovering from illness were regarded as an "at risk" group and are told to avoid close contact with swine flu sufferers.However, the department said pregnant teachers were not at a higher risk in school than in their out-of-work life.
A woman with cancer is the first person from NI to die of swine flu
A woman who became the first person in Northern Ireland to die of swine flu had been suffering from cancer for almost five years.Caroline Hoy from Ahoghill died at Belfast City Hospital on Thursday night.The mother of two young children had been diagnosed with terminal cancer before she contracted swine flu.
Mrs Hoy was buried after a funeral service at Trinity Presbyterian Church in the County Antrim village on Sunday.Lee Porter, a soldier from Coleraine, County Londonderry, died from swine flu at a hospital in Surrey on 31 July.In the Republic of Ireland, two people have died of swine flu.A man from the east of Ireland died last week. He did not have an apparent underlying medical condition.Earlier this month, an 18-year-old woman from Sligo died from the virus at Tallaght Hospital. She had an underlying medical condition.Isolated In Northern Ireland, the Department of Education said last week that it had compiled instructions for schools and advice for parentIf a child shows symptoms, the department said, he or she should be taken from class and isolated from other children while waiting for someone to take them home."Because the flu is likely to spread through the community anyway, schools are advised not to close during an outbreak, apart from exceptionalcircumstances where they cater for children who are particularly vulnerable to infection or are very short of staff," the department said.The circular to schools said pregnant teachers or those recovering from illness were regarded as an "at risk" group and are told to avoid close contact with swine flu sufferers.However, the department said pregnant teachers were not at a higher risk in school than in their out-of-work life.
What is ulcer?
The human stomach contains enumerable muscles which carry out the process of digestion and
convert the different forms of food into digestive fluids. These digestive fluids are known
as pepsin and hydrochloric acid. These fluids make the food digest in the stomach.
The ulcer in the stomach might be the result of the disparity in the digestive fluids. The
over production of pepsin or hydrochloric acid might cause ulcer.
The over production of acids inside the stomach might harm the line up of the stomach and
cause ulcers in the stomach.
convert the different forms of food into digestive fluids. These digestive fluids are known
as pepsin and hydrochloric acid. These fluids make the food digest in the stomach.
The ulcer in the stomach might be the result of the disparity in the digestive fluids. The
over production of pepsin or hydrochloric acid might cause ulcer.
The over production of acids inside the stomach might harm the line up of the stomach and
cause ulcers in the stomach.
Types of ulcers
There are mainly three types of ulcers. They are:
* Peptic ulcer
* Gastric ulcer
* Duodenal ulcer
Peptic ulcer: Peptic ulcer affects the lining of the stomach. it happens when the ulcers are
exposed to pepsin.
Gastric ulcer: An ulcer is called gastric when the peptic ulcer is present in the stomach.
Duodenal ulcer: An ulcer is called duodenal when the ulcer is in the duodenum. it is usually
found in the beginning of the small intestine.
* Peptic ulcer
* Gastric ulcer
* Duodenal ulcer
Peptic ulcer: Peptic ulcer affects the lining of the stomach. it happens when the ulcers are
exposed to pepsin.
Gastric ulcer: An ulcer is called gastric when the peptic ulcer is present in the stomach.
Duodenal ulcer: An ulcer is called duodenal when the ulcer is in the duodenum. it is usually
found in the beginning of the small intestine.
Peptic ulcer
An eroded lesion in the gastric intestinal mucous is called Peptic ulcer. An ulcer may form
in any part of the digestive tract, which is exposed to acid gastric juice, but is usually
found in the stomach and the duodenum. The ulcer located in the stomach is known as gastric
ulcer and that located in the duodenum is called a duodenal ulcer. Usually both are group
together are termed peptic ulcer.
Symptoms of Peptic Ulcer
# Peptic UlcerThe most common symptoms of peptic ulcer are sharp and severe pain and
discomfort in the upper central abdomen. The pain is commonly described as burning or gnawing in character.
# Gastric ulcer pain usually occurs an hour after meals, but rarely at night.
# Duodenal ulcer pain usually occurs between meals when the stomach is empty and is relieved
by food especially milk, often described as hunger pain.
# As the disease progresses there is distension of the stomach due to excessive flatulence,
besides mental tension, insomnia and a gradual weakening of the body. It may cause
constipation with gradual blood in the stools.
in any part of the digestive tract, which is exposed to acid gastric juice, but is usually
found in the stomach and the duodenum. The ulcer located in the stomach is known as gastric
ulcer and that located in the duodenum is called a duodenal ulcer. Usually both are group
together are termed peptic ulcer.
Symptoms of Peptic Ulcer
# Peptic UlcerThe most common symptoms of peptic ulcer are sharp and severe pain and
discomfort in the upper central abdomen. The pain is commonly described as burning or gnawing in character.
# Gastric ulcer pain usually occurs an hour after meals, but rarely at night.
# Duodenal ulcer pain usually occurs between meals when the stomach is empty and is relieved
by food especially milk, often described as hunger pain.
# As the disease progresses there is distension of the stomach due to excessive flatulence,
besides mental tension, insomnia and a gradual weakening of the body. It may cause
constipation with gradual blood in the stools.
Causes of Peptic Ulcer:
# Peptic ulcers results from hyperacidity, It can be potentially dangerous and, under certain
circumstances, it may eat its way through the lining of the stomach or duodenum producing,
first, irritation of the stomach wall and eventually an ulcer
# Dietetic indiscretion, like overeating, taking of heavy meals or highly spiced foods,
coffee, alcohol and smoking are the main factors contributing to this condition.
# The ingestion of certain drugs, particularly aspirin, food poisoning, infections like
influenza and septicemia and gout may also cause ulcers.
# Emotional stress or nervous tension also plays a major role in the formation of ulce
# Peptic ulcers results from hyperacidity, It can be potentially dangerous and, under certain
circumstances, it may eat its way through the lining of the stomach or duodenum producing,
first, irritation of the stomach wall and eventually an ulcer
# Dietetic indiscretion, like overeating, taking of heavy meals or highly spiced foods,
coffee, alcohol and smoking are the main factors contributing to this condition.
# The ingestion of certain drugs, particularly aspirin, food poisoning, infections like
influenza and septicemia and gout may also cause ulcers.
# Emotional stress or nervous tension also plays a major role in the formation of ulce
Treatment of Peptic Ulcer by Nature Cure:
# Diet is of utmost importance in the treatment of ulcer. Milk cream, butter, fruits and
fresh, raw and boiled vegetables, natural foods and natural vitamin supplements are the best
diet for an ulcer patient. The most effective remedy for peptic ulcers are bananas and milk
which are considered an ideal diet for the patients who are in an advanced state of the
disease.Almond milk made from blanched almonds in a blender is very beneficial. The other
ways of treating Peptic ulcer are as follows
# Raw goat`s milk is also highly beneficial, since it actually helps to heal peptic ulcer.
# Cabbage is regarded as another useful home remedy for peptic ulcers. Cabbage is boiled in
water. This water is allowed to cool and taken twice daily.
# The leaves of kalyana murangal tree, which is a variety of drumstick found in South India,
have also proved helpful in the healing of ulcers. The leaves of this tree are ground into a
paste and taken mixed with yogurt daily.
# Raw vegetables juices, particularly carrot and cabbage juices are beneficial in the
treatment of peptic ulcers. Carrot juice may be taken either alone or in combination with
spinach or beet and cucumber. The formula proportions in case of the first combination are
300 ml. of carrots and 200 ml. of spinach, and in case of the second combination, 300 ml. of
carrots and three ounces each of beets and cucumbers to make half a litre of juice.
# The ulcer patient should drink 8 to 10 glasses of water every day. However, he should not
drink water during or with meals, but only half an hour before or one hour after he has
eaten.
# A patient should bathe, preferably in cold water, twice daily.
# Alternate hot and cold hip baths for 10 to 15 minutes and a mud pack applied over the lower
abdomen for half an hour daily will also help the ulcers to heal. The hip bath or the mud
pack should be taken on an empty stomach and should be followed by a walk.
# In case of hemorrhage in the stomach, a rectal enema should be administered four times
daily. In case of abdominal or stomach pain, hot packs should be placed on the abdomen. A hot
pack should also be placed between the shoulder blades.
# Diet is of utmost importance in the treatment of ulcer. Milk cream, butter, fruits and
fresh, raw and boiled vegetables, natural foods and natural vitamin supplements are the best
diet for an ulcer patient. The most effective remedy for peptic ulcers are bananas and milk
which are considered an ideal diet for the patients who are in an advanced state of the
disease.Almond milk made from blanched almonds in a blender is very beneficial. The other
ways of treating Peptic ulcer are as follows
# Raw goat`s milk is also highly beneficial, since it actually helps to heal peptic ulcer.
# Cabbage is regarded as another useful home remedy for peptic ulcers. Cabbage is boiled in
water. This water is allowed to cool and taken twice daily.
# The leaves of kalyana murangal tree, which is a variety of drumstick found in South India,
have also proved helpful in the healing of ulcers. The leaves of this tree are ground into a
paste and taken mixed with yogurt daily.
# Raw vegetables juices, particularly carrot and cabbage juices are beneficial in the
treatment of peptic ulcers. Carrot juice may be taken either alone or in combination with
spinach or beet and cucumber. The formula proportions in case of the first combination are
300 ml. of carrots and 200 ml. of spinach, and in case of the second combination, 300 ml. of
carrots and three ounces each of beets and cucumbers to make half a litre of juice.
# The ulcer patient should drink 8 to 10 glasses of water every day. However, he should not
drink water during or with meals, but only half an hour before or one hour after he has
eaten.
# A patient should bathe, preferably in cold water, twice daily.
# Alternate hot and cold hip baths for 10 to 15 minutes and a mud pack applied over the lower
abdomen for half an hour daily will also help the ulcers to heal. The hip bath or the mud
pack should be taken on an empty stomach and should be followed by a walk.
# In case of hemorrhage in the stomach, a rectal enema should be administered four times
daily. In case of abdominal or stomach pain, hot packs should be placed on the abdomen. A hot
pack should also be placed between the shoulder blades.
Gastric Ulcer
Also called: Stomach Ulcer
What is it?
A gastric ulcer, also called a stomach ulcer, is a raw, eroded area in the lining of the
stomach.
Who gets it?
About two percent of the adult population in the United States has active ulcers, and about
ten percent will develop ulcers at some point in their lives. Of the approximately 500,000
new cases of ulcers in the United States each year, about sixteen percent are gastric ulcers.
Gastric ulcers are most common in males between the ages of 55 and 70.
Gastric ulcers occur in people who take anti-inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin, ibuprofen,
and naproxen; drink alcohol; smoke tobacco; have a high caffeine intake and often feel
stressed.
What is it?
A gastric ulcer, also called a stomach ulcer, is a raw, eroded area in the lining of the
stomach.
Who gets it?
About two percent of the adult population in the United States has active ulcers, and about
ten percent will develop ulcers at some point in their lives. Of the approximately 500,000
new cases of ulcers in the United States each year, about sixteen percent are gastric ulcers.
Gastric ulcers are most common in males between the ages of 55 and 70.
Gastric ulcers occur in people who take anti-inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin, ibuprofen,
and naproxen; drink alcohol; smoke tobacco; have a high caffeine intake and often feel
stressed.
What causes it?
A gastric ulcer develops when stomach acids and digestive juices injure the stomach’s lining
of protective mucus. Gastric ulcers most commonly are caused by the use of nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, ibuprofen and naproxen. Aspirin is the
NSAID most likely to cause ulcers. The widespread use of NSAIDs may be why the incidence of
gastric ulcers in the United States is rising.
Gastric ulcers may also develop from the presence of bacteria called Helicobacter pylori (H.
pylori), decreased resistance of the lining of the stomach to gastric acids, increased
production of gastric acids and infection, certain types of medication, and disorders that
cause over secretion of stomach juices. Ulcer can also be caused by the use of tobacco,
alcohol and caffeine.
A gastric ulcer develops when stomach acids and digestive juices injure the stomach’s lining
of protective mucus. Gastric ulcers most commonly are caused by the use of nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, ibuprofen and naproxen. Aspirin is the
NSAID most likely to cause ulcers. The widespread use of NSAIDs may be why the incidence of
gastric ulcers in the United States is rising.
Gastric ulcers may also develop from the presence of bacteria called Helicobacter pylori (H.
pylori), decreased resistance of the lining of the stomach to gastric acids, increased
production of gastric acids and infection, certain types of medication, and disorders that
cause over secretion of stomach juices. Ulcer can also be caused by the use of tobacco,
alcohol and caffeine.
What are the symptoms?
The symptoms of gastric ulcers include indigestion and heartburn in the middle of the upper
abdomen, nausea and loss of appetite, weight loss and repeated episodes of gastrointestinal
bleeding. About 30% of patients with gastric ulcers are awakened by pain at night. Many
patients have periods of chronic ulcer pain alternating with symptom-free periods that last
for several weeks or months. The pain may be relieved by eating or taking antacids, and may
get worse a couple of hours after meals or before meals.
If the gastric ulcer is bleeding, the patient may vomit bright red blood or digested blood
that looks like brown coffee grounds and have black, tarry bowel movements.
How is it diagnosed?
To diagnose a gastric ulcer, the doctor may first examine the patient and look at the medical
history. The doctor may suspect gastric ulcers based on risk factors such as male sex, age
over 45, location of pain, anemia, history of using NSAIDs, history of heavy smoking and
alcohol use, and family history of ulcers or stomach cancer.
The doctor may perform an endoscopy and imaging studies to determine if the patient has a
gastric ulcer. An endoscopy is considered the best procedure for diagnosing gastric ulcers
and for taking samples of stomach tissue for biopsies. An endoscope is a slender tube-shaped
instrument that allows the doctor to view the tissues lining the stomach and duodenum.
The doctor may also test for H. pylori because almost all ulcer patients who are not taking
NSAIDs are infected. Noninvasive tests include blood tests for immune response and a breath
test. The doctor may also take a blood test to see if the patient is anemic due to a bleeding
ulcer.
The symptoms of gastric ulcers include indigestion and heartburn in the middle of the upper
abdomen, nausea and loss of appetite, weight loss and repeated episodes of gastrointestinal
bleeding. About 30% of patients with gastric ulcers are awakened by pain at night. Many
patients have periods of chronic ulcer pain alternating with symptom-free periods that last
for several weeks or months. The pain may be relieved by eating or taking antacids, and may
get worse a couple of hours after meals or before meals.
If the gastric ulcer is bleeding, the patient may vomit bright red blood or digested blood
that looks like brown coffee grounds and have black, tarry bowel movements.
How is it diagnosed?
To diagnose a gastric ulcer, the doctor may first examine the patient and look at the medical
history. The doctor may suspect gastric ulcers based on risk factors such as male sex, age
over 45, location of pain, anemia, history of using NSAIDs, history of heavy smoking and
alcohol use, and family history of ulcers or stomach cancer.
The doctor may perform an endoscopy and imaging studies to determine if the patient has a
gastric ulcer. An endoscopy is considered the best procedure for diagnosing gastric ulcers
and for taking samples of stomach tissue for biopsies. An endoscope is a slender tube-shaped
instrument that allows the doctor to view the tissues lining the stomach and duodenum.
The doctor may also test for H. pylori because almost all ulcer patients who are not taking
NSAIDs are infected. Noninvasive tests include blood tests for immune response and a breath
test. The doctor may also take a blood test to see if the patient is anemic due to a bleeding
ulcer.
What is the treatment?
To treat a gastric ulcer the doctor may prescribe drugs that will lower the rate of stomach
acid secretion or protect the mucous tissues that line the stomach. Surgical treatment of
ulcers is usually recommended if the doctor suspects complications and malignancies. Possible
complications of untreated ulcers include hemorrhaging, a perforation of the stomach wall,
and an obstruction (ulcer scarring that prevents passage of food).
The doctor may also recommend treatment to eliminate H. pylori in order to prevent ulcer
recurrences. Without such treatment there is an eighty percent chance the ulcer will reoccur
within one year. The usual regimen used to eliminate the bacterium is a combination of
tetracycline, bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol), and metronidazole (Metizol).
Self-care tips
Patients with gastric ulcers can make several lifestyle changes to prevent their recurrence,
including avoiding unnecessary use of aspirin and NSAIDs, giving up smoking, and cutting down
on alcohol, tea, coffee, and sodas containing caffeine. Other preventative measures include
eating balanced, nutritious meals, learning how to manage stress, getting plenty of rest and
exercising as recommended.
To treat a gastric ulcer the doctor may prescribe drugs that will lower the rate of stomach
acid secretion or protect the mucous tissues that line the stomach. Surgical treatment of
ulcers is usually recommended if the doctor suspects complications and malignancies. Possible
complications of untreated ulcers include hemorrhaging, a perforation of the stomach wall,
and an obstruction (ulcer scarring that prevents passage of food).
The doctor may also recommend treatment to eliminate H. pylori in order to prevent ulcer
recurrences. Without such treatment there is an eighty percent chance the ulcer will reoccur
within one year. The usual regimen used to eliminate the bacterium is a combination of
tetracycline, bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol), and metronidazole (Metizol).
Self-care tips
Patients with gastric ulcers can make several lifestyle changes to prevent their recurrence,
including avoiding unnecessary use of aspirin and NSAIDs, giving up smoking, and cutting down
on alcohol, tea, coffee, and sodas containing caffeine. Other preventative measures include
eating balanced, nutritious meals, learning how to manage stress, getting plenty of rest and
exercising as recommended.
Duodenal Ulcer
This is more classical and common. The ulcer penetrates deep into the mucosa. More than 95% occur in the first part of the duodenum. About 60% of ulcers recur within one year and 90% within two years.
* Cause
* Symptoms
* Diagnosis
* Medical Management
Causative factors
These are not known for sure. The number of acid-secreting cells is high, with greater outpouring of acid. Excessive acid flow is consequential, in comparison to gastric ulcer where defective mucosal resistance is the cause. Genetic factors appear to be important. Alcohol and cigarettes are potent causative and aggravating factors. Others are chronic usage of painkiller drugs, poor lifestyle, a bacteria known as helicobacter pylori found in a number of patients with DU, skipping meals (which allows acid to irritate the lining, the outflow being aggravated by stress on an empty stomach) and, most important, the mind. Stress produces and aggravates duodenal ulcer in any situation. Of this there is no doubt. All patients experience increase in pain with stress.
* Cause
* Symptoms
* Diagnosis
* Medical Management
Causative factors
These are not known for sure. The number of acid-secreting cells is high, with greater outpouring of acid. Excessive acid flow is consequential, in comparison to gastric ulcer where defective mucosal resistance is the cause. Genetic factors appear to be important. Alcohol and cigarettes are potent causative and aggravating factors. Others are chronic usage of painkiller drugs, poor lifestyle, a bacteria known as helicobacter pylori found in a number of patients with DU, skipping meals (which allows acid to irritate the lining, the outflow being aggravated by stress on an empty stomach) and, most important, the mind. Stress produces and aggravates duodenal ulcer in any situation. Of this there is no doubt. All patients experience increase in pain with stress.
Symptoms
The classic symptom is pain in the epigastric area present two to three hours after a meal. It is a burning, painful, gnawing or aching sensation, with fullness or bloating, even awakening the patient from sleep. It is relieved by intake of food or antacids. The severity of the pain varies, and recurrence is common with periods of remission. Any change in the pattern of the pain may herald complications — constant pain unrelieved by any agent may suggest perforation, or adherence to the pancreas behind. Many patients with DU have no symptoms. There is often poor correlation between symptoms and healing. Surprisingly, duodenal ulcers never turn malignant. Complications are similar to gastric ulcer.
Diagnosis
Pain in the epigastric region and a little to the right side and below it, if relieved by food or antacids, is in favour of DU. Double contrast barium and endoscopy are helpful in diagnosis. Small ulcers missed by barium can be picked up by endoscopy.
The classic symptom is pain in the epigastric area present two to three hours after a meal. It is a burning, painful, gnawing or aching sensation, with fullness or bloating, even awakening the patient from sleep. It is relieved by intake of food or antacids. The severity of the pain varies, and recurrence is common with periods of remission. Any change in the pattern of the pain may herald complications — constant pain unrelieved by any agent may suggest perforation, or adherence to the pancreas behind. Many patients with DU have no symptoms. There is often poor correlation between symptoms and healing. Surprisingly, duodenal ulcers never turn malignant. Complications are similar to gastric ulcer.
Diagnosis
Pain in the epigastric region and a little to the right side and below it, if relieved by food or antacids, is in favour of DU. Double contrast barium and endoscopy are helpful in diagnosis. Small ulcers missed by barium can be picked up by endoscopy.
Medical Management
Healing of ulcers and relief of pain are the two objectives. Antacids like aluminium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide are most commonly used. The former produces constipation, and the latter diarrhoea in some patients. Antacids could be taken one hour after each meal and at bedtime. Agents preventing the binding of histamine to receptors are very helpful. Acid secretion is lowered. They are taken with meals. Side effects are minimal, though they include rash, gynaecomastia, mental confusion and increasing the action of other drugs. Ranitidine, nizatidine and famotidine are effective. Omperazole is a promising drug. Prostaglandins, which are chemicals present in the body, help ulcers. They reduce acid secretion, enhance mucosal resistance, stimulate blood flow, increase bicarbonate secretion and stimulate cellular regeneration. Other important measures include cessation of smoking and drinking, lifestyle changes to reduce stress (which is probably the most important) and avoidance of painkiller drugs. Within four to six weeks of therapy, most duodenal ulcers heal.
If surgical procedures are undertaken, the area is resected and the remainder sutured for gastric ulcers. In duodenal ulcers, the duodenum is bypassed and the stomach joined with the small intestine (gastro-jejunostomy). There are many side effects: diarrhoea, as the vagus nerve is cut to reduce acid secretion (the vagus nerve controls gastric emptying), nausea, alteration in blood glucose due to the altered anatomy, and anaemia due to malabsorption. The frequency of surgery for both conditions has decreased after advances in medicine.
Healing of ulcers and relief of pain are the two objectives. Antacids like aluminium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide are most commonly used. The former produces constipation, and the latter diarrhoea in some patients. Antacids could be taken one hour after each meal and at bedtime. Agents preventing the binding of histamine to receptors are very helpful. Acid secretion is lowered. They are taken with meals. Side effects are minimal, though they include rash, gynaecomastia, mental confusion and increasing the action of other drugs. Ranitidine, nizatidine and famotidine are effective. Omperazole is a promising drug. Prostaglandins, which are chemicals present in the body, help ulcers. They reduce acid secretion, enhance mucosal resistance, stimulate blood flow, increase bicarbonate secretion and stimulate cellular regeneration. Other important measures include cessation of smoking and drinking, lifestyle changes to reduce stress (which is probably the most important) and avoidance of painkiller drugs. Within four to six weeks of therapy, most duodenal ulcers heal.
If surgical procedures are undertaken, the area is resected and the remainder sutured for gastric ulcers. In duodenal ulcers, the duodenum is bypassed and the stomach joined with the small intestine (gastro-jejunostomy). There are many side effects: diarrhoea, as the vagus nerve is cut to reduce acid secretion (the vagus nerve controls gastric emptying), nausea, alteration in blood glucose due to the altered anatomy, and anaemia due to malabsorption. The frequency of surgery for both conditions has decreased after advances in medicine.
What Causes an Ulcer?
For almost 100 years, doctors believed that stress, spicy foods, and alcohol caused most
ulcers. Now we know that most peptic ulcers are caused by a particular bacterial infection in
the stomach and upper intestine, by certain medications, or by smoking.
In 1982, two doctors — Barry Marshall and Robin Warren — discovered a certain kind of
bacteria that can live and grow in the stomach. Both doctors went on to win the Nobel Prize
for their discovery. The medical name for these bacteria is Helicobacter pylori (or H.
pylori, for short). Today doctors know that most peptic ulcers are caused by an infection
from H. pylori.
Experts believe that 90% of all people with ulcers are infected with H. pylori. But strangely
enough, most people infected with H. pylori don't develop an ulcer. Doctors aren't completely
sure why, but think it may partly depend upon the individual person — for example, those who
develop ulcers may already have a problem with the lining of their stomachs.
It's also thought that some people may naturally secrete more stomach acid than others — and
it doesn't matter what stresses they're exposed to or what foods they eat. Peptic ulcers may
have something to do with the combination of H. pylori infection and the level of acid in the
stomach.
ulcers. Now we know that most peptic ulcers are caused by a particular bacterial infection in
the stomach and upper intestine, by certain medications, or by smoking.
In 1982, two doctors — Barry Marshall and Robin Warren — discovered a certain kind of
bacteria that can live and grow in the stomach. Both doctors went on to win the Nobel Prize
for their discovery. The medical name for these bacteria is Helicobacter pylori (or H.
pylori, for short). Today doctors know that most peptic ulcers are caused by an infection
from H. pylori.
Experts believe that 90% of all people with ulcers are infected with H. pylori. But strangely
enough, most people infected with H. pylori don't develop an ulcer. Doctors aren't completely
sure why, but think it may partly depend upon the individual person — for example, those who
develop ulcers may already have a problem with the lining of their stomachs.
It's also thought that some people may naturally secrete more stomach acid than others — and
it doesn't matter what stresses they're exposed to or what foods they eat. Peptic ulcers may
have something to do with the combination of H. pylori infection and the level of acid in the
stomach.
How Ulcers Form
When H. pylori bacteria do cause ulcers, here's how doctors think it happens:
1. Bacteria weaken the protective coating of the stomach and upper small intestine.
2. Acid in the stomach then gets through to the sensitive tissues lining the digestive
system underneath.
3. Acid and bacteria directly irritate this lining resulting in sores, or ulcers.
Although H. pylori are responsible for most cases of peptic ulcers, these ulcers can happen
for other reasons, too. Some people regularly take pain relievers known as nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin or ibuprofen, that fight inflammation in
the body and are used to treat long-term painful conditions like arthritis. If taken in high
daily doses over a long period of time, NSAIDs can cause ulcers in some people.
Smoking also is associated with peptic ulcers. Smoking increases someone's risk of getting an
ulcer because the nicotine in cigarettes causes the stomach to produce more acid. Drinking a
lot of alcohol each day for a period of time can also increase a person's risk of ulcers
because over time alcohol can wear down the lining of the stomach and intestines.
In certain circumstances stress can help cause ulcers. But this usually only happens when
illness involving severe emotional or physical stress is involved — such as when someone too
sick to eat for a long period of time.
Ulcers occur because of uncontrolled increased acid production in the stomach and changes in
the immune system (the body system that fights infection). With any illness where the body's
ability to heal is challenged (such as when someone has serious burns from a fire), there is
a risk for developing ulcers.
1. Bacteria weaken the protective coating of the stomach and upper small intestine.
2. Acid in the stomach then gets through to the sensitive tissues lining the digestive
system underneath.
3. Acid and bacteria directly irritate this lining resulting in sores, or ulcers.
Although H. pylori are responsible for most cases of peptic ulcers, these ulcers can happen
for other reasons, too. Some people regularly take pain relievers known as nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin or ibuprofen, that fight inflammation in
the body and are used to treat long-term painful conditions like arthritis. If taken in high
daily doses over a long period of time, NSAIDs can cause ulcers in some people.
Smoking also is associated with peptic ulcers. Smoking increases someone's risk of getting an
ulcer because the nicotine in cigarettes causes the stomach to produce more acid. Drinking a
lot of alcohol each day for a period of time can also increase a person's risk of ulcers
because over time alcohol can wear down the lining of the stomach and intestines.
In certain circumstances stress can help cause ulcers. But this usually only happens when
illness involving severe emotional or physical stress is involved — such as when someone too
sick to eat for a long period of time.
Ulcers occur because of uncontrolled increased acid production in the stomach and changes in
the immune system (the body system that fights infection). With any illness where the body's
ability to heal is challenged (such as when someone has serious burns from a fire), there is
a risk for developing ulcers.
Signs and Symptoms
Stomach pain is the most common symptom of an ulcer. It usually feels like sharp aches
between the breastbone and the belly button. This pain often comes a few hours after eating.
It can also happen during the night or early in the morning, when the stomach is empty.
Eating something or taking an antacid medication sometimes makes the pain go away for awhile.
Other symptoms of ulcers can include:
* loss of appetite
* sudden, sharp stomach pains
* nausea
* frequent burping or hiccuping
* weight loss
* vomiting (if blood is in the vomit or the vomit looks like coffee grounds, which only
happens with severe ulcers, call a doctor right away)
* bloody or blackish bowel movements (this could indicate a serious problem, so call a
doctor right away if you see this)
Anyone who thinks he or she may have an ulcer needs to see a doctor. Over time, untreated
ulcers grow larger and deeper and can lead to other problems, such as bleeding in the
digestive system or a hole in the wall of the stomach or duodenum, which can make someone
very sick.
between the breastbone and the belly button. This pain often comes a few hours after eating.
It can also happen during the night or early in the morning, when the stomach is empty.
Eating something or taking an antacid medication sometimes makes the pain go away for awhile.
Other symptoms of ulcers can include:
* loss of appetite
* sudden, sharp stomach pains
* nausea
* frequent burping or hiccuping
* weight loss
* vomiting (if blood is in the vomit or the vomit looks like coffee grounds, which only
happens with severe ulcers, call a doctor right away)
* bloody or blackish bowel movements (this could indicate a serious problem, so call a
doctor right away if you see this)
Anyone who thinks he or she may have an ulcer needs to see a doctor. Over time, untreated
ulcers grow larger and deeper and can lead to other problems, such as bleeding in the
digestive system or a hole in the wall of the stomach or duodenum, which can make someone
very sick.
How Are Ulcers Diagnosed?
In addition to doing a physical examination, the doctor will take a medical history by asking
about any concerns and symptoms you have, your past health, your family's health, any
medications you're taking, any allergies you may have, and other issues. If you have stomach
pain or other symptoms of an ulcer, the doctor will perform some tests to help make the
diagnosis.
One test is called an upper gastrointestinal (GI) series. This is a type of X-ray of the
stomach, duodenum, and esophagus, the muscular tube that links the mouth to the stomach. A
person drinks a whitish liquid called barium while getting an X-ray, and if he or she has an
ulcer, it should be outlined on the X-ray.
Another common procedure to look for an ulcer is called an endoscopy (pronounced:
en-dass-kuh-pee). During this test, the doctor uses an endoscope, a skinny, lighted tube with
a special camera on the end.
A person getting an endoscopy is given anesthesia and will have no memory of the procedure.
For an endoscopy, the doctor gently guides the endoscope into the throat and down into the
esophagus, and finally into the stomach and upper intestines. The doctor is able to look at
the inner lining of these organs from the camera on a television screen and can even take
pictures. Tissue can be removed during an endoscopy and then tested for H. pylori bacteria.
A doctor can also do a blood test for H. pylori bacteria. This may be important if an ulcer
is found in the upper GI series. The blood test can be done right in the doctor's office.
Sometimes a bowel movement or a person's breath can also be specially tested to check for the
H. pylori bacteria.
about any concerns and symptoms you have, your past health, your family's health, any
medications you're taking, any allergies you may have, and other issues. If you have stomach
pain or other symptoms of an ulcer, the doctor will perform some tests to help make the
diagnosis.
One test is called an upper gastrointestinal (GI) series. This is a type of X-ray of the
stomach, duodenum, and esophagus, the muscular tube that links the mouth to the stomach. A
person drinks a whitish liquid called barium while getting an X-ray, and if he or she has an
ulcer, it should be outlined on the X-ray.
Another common procedure to look for an ulcer is called an endoscopy (pronounced:
en-dass-kuh-pee). During this test, the doctor uses an endoscope, a skinny, lighted tube with
a special camera on the end.
A person getting an endoscopy is given anesthesia and will have no memory of the procedure.
For an endoscopy, the doctor gently guides the endoscope into the throat and down into the
esophagus, and finally into the stomach and upper intestines. The doctor is able to look at
the inner lining of these organs from the camera on a television screen and can even take
pictures. Tissue can be removed during an endoscopy and then tested for H. pylori bacteria.
A doctor can also do a blood test for H. pylori bacteria. This may be important if an ulcer
is found in the upper GI series. The blood test can be done right in the doctor's office.
Sometimes a bowel movement or a person's breath can also be specially tested to check for the
H. pylori bacteria.
How Are Ulcers Treated?
Ulcers caused by H. pylori bacteria are generally treated with a combination of medications:
* Usually two antibiotics to kill the H. pylori bacteria are taken every day for about 2
weeks.
* Antacids — acid blockers or proton pump inhibitors — are given for 2 months or longer
to lessen the amount of acid in the stomach and help protect the lining of the stomach so the
ulcer can heal.
Ulcer Prevention
Doctors are not totally certain how H. pylori bacteria are transmitted from person to person.
The bacteria have been found in saliva, so kissing may be one way. They also may be spread
through food, water, or contact with vomit (puke) that has been infected with the bacteria.
The best advice in ulcer prevention is to always wash your hands after you use the bathroom
and before you eat and to take good care of your body by exercising regularly and not smoking
or drinking.
* Usually two antibiotics to kill the H. pylori bacteria are taken every day for about 2
weeks.
* Antacids — acid blockers or proton pump inhibitors — are given for 2 months or longer
to lessen the amount of acid in the stomach and help protect the lining of the stomach so the
ulcer can heal.
Ulcer Prevention
Doctors are not totally certain how H. pylori bacteria are transmitted from person to person.
The bacteria have been found in saliva, so kissing may be one way. They also may be spread
through food, water, or contact with vomit (puke) that has been infected with the bacteria.
The best advice in ulcer prevention is to always wash your hands after you use the bathroom
and before you eat and to take good care of your body by exercising regularly and not smoking
or drinking.
Diseases: Curing attitudes of stigmatization
A disease is an illness that affects the body (a single area or the whole system) and/or mind within a single organism (World Health Organization). Basically when a person is in a diseased state, they are no longer classified by modern and traditional medical diagnosis as “healthy”. Some examples of common diseases worldwide are: Influenza A virus, Asthma, HIV/AIDS, HPV, Malaria, and Sickle Cell Anemia. In addition, diseases are generally classified into three categories, which include: Genetic, infectious, and non-infectious.
As is the case with most marginalized groups, people living with a disease(s) are often discriminated against on the basis of their illness. Some researchers have linked negative cultural perceptions of diseased individuals to the common occurrence of discrimination among the ill. The validity of the previous claim remains to be confirmed, however research has shown that cultural differences between the treatment of the ill within traditional and modern societies do exist.
One way to reduce stigma and discrimination of the ill is through education and improvement of community health services and networks. Yet stigma and discrimination of the ill has existed throughout human history in almost all societies and civilizations around the globe, so eradicating its practice is no easy task.
When some of us think of disease we immediately associate it with death and rarely associate disease with life. Although this may appear to be just a matter of commonsense, having a disease does not automatically mean a death sentence. In fact many people who have suffered from a debilitating illness have accredited their disease to teaching them the true meaning of survival. Disease-related advocacy campaigns around the world have focused on survival as their central theme and message because survival signifies hope not just for a future cure but also for life itself. In the end, whether we are diseased or healthy we are all fighting to survive.
In 2006 the World Heart Federation (WHF) leaped from the dreams of a handful of global youth leaders and partners into a fruitful reality as one of the leading disease advocacy organizations in the world specializing in youth advocacy. With chapters in several nations around the world, WHF has taken their advocacy projects from national to local levels of change. Some of their project areas include: Tobacco control, developing advocacy skills, and poor diets and physical inactivity.
Of course beyond the efforts of global civil society agents, youth have also been impacted negatively by disease as in the case of millions of orphans as a result of the global HIV/AIDS epidemic, the hundreds of thousands of children who die each year from Malaria and other preventable diseases, and the growing number of acquired diseases among youth in heavily polluted developed nations. As young people we may not be immune to disease, but we can work to prevent discrimination of the ill and celebrate their survival.
As is the case with most marginalized groups, people living with a disease(s) are often discriminated against on the basis of their illness. Some researchers have linked negative cultural perceptions of diseased individuals to the common occurrence of discrimination among the ill. The validity of the previous claim remains to be confirmed, however research has shown that cultural differences between the treatment of the ill within traditional and modern societies do exist.
One way to reduce stigma and discrimination of the ill is through education and improvement of community health services and networks. Yet stigma and discrimination of the ill has existed throughout human history in almost all societies and civilizations around the globe, so eradicating its practice is no easy task.
When some of us think of disease we immediately associate it with death and rarely associate disease with life. Although this may appear to be just a matter of commonsense, having a disease does not automatically mean a death sentence. In fact many people who have suffered from a debilitating illness have accredited their disease to teaching them the true meaning of survival. Disease-related advocacy campaigns around the world have focused on survival as their central theme and message because survival signifies hope not just for a future cure but also for life itself. In the end, whether we are diseased or healthy we are all fighting to survive.
In 2006 the World Heart Federation (WHF) leaped from the dreams of a handful of global youth leaders and partners into a fruitful reality as one of the leading disease advocacy organizations in the world specializing in youth advocacy. With chapters in several nations around the world, WHF has taken their advocacy projects from national to local levels of change. Some of their project areas include: Tobacco control, developing advocacy skills, and poor diets and physical inactivity.
Of course beyond the efforts of global civil society agents, youth have also been impacted negatively by disease as in the case of millions of orphans as a result of the global HIV/AIDS epidemic, the hundreds of thousands of children who die each year from Malaria and other preventable diseases, and the growing number of acquired diseases among youth in heavily polluted developed nations. As young people we may not be immune to disease, but we can work to prevent discrimination of the ill and celebrate their survival.
Glossary
AIDS = Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Genetic = the expression of genes at the cellular and somatic levels
HIV = Human Immune-deficiency Virus
HPV = Human Papilloma Virus
Infectious = the ability to be transmitted from on state, organism, or condition to another state, organism, or condition.
Non-infectious = refers to a property that prevents or inhibits the transmission from one state, organism, or condition to another state, organism, or condition.
AIDS = Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Genetic = the expression of genes at the cellular and somatic levels
HIV = Human Immune-deficiency Virus
HPV = Human Papilloma Virus
Infectious = the ability to be transmitted from on state, organism, or condition to another state, organism, or condition.
Non-infectious = refers to a property that prevents or inhibits the transmission from one state, organism, or condition to another state, organism, or condition.
What are diseases?
A disease is an illness that affects the body (a single area or the whole system) and/or mind within a single organism (World Health Organization). Basically when a person is in a diseased state, they are no longer classified by modern and traditional medical diagnosis as “healthy”. Some examples of common diseases worldwide are: Influenza A virus, Asthma, HIV/AIDS, HPV, Malaria, and Sickle Cell Anemia. In addition, diseases are generally classified into three categories, which include: Genetic, infectious, and non-infectious.
Discrimination of the ill
As is the case with most marginalized groups, people living with a disease(s) are often discriminated against on the basis of their illness. Some researchers have linked negative cultural perceptions of diseased individuals to the common occurrence of discrimination among the ill. The validity of the previous claim remains to be confirmed, however research has shown that cultural differences between the treatment of the ill within traditional and modern societies do exist. How do we reduce stigma and discrimination of the ill? One way to reduce stigma and discrimination of the ill is through education and improvement of community health services and networks. Yet stigma and discrimination of the ill has existed throughout human history in almost all societies and civilizations around the globe, so eradicating its practice is no easy task.
As is the case with most marginalized groups, people living with a disease(s) are often discriminated against on the basis of their illness. Some researchers have linked negative cultural perceptions of diseased individuals to the common occurrence of discrimination among the ill. The validity of the previous claim remains to be confirmed, however research has shown that cultural differences between the treatment of the ill within traditional and modern societies do exist. How do we reduce stigma and discrimination of the ill? One way to reduce stigma and discrimination of the ill is through education and improvement of community health services and networks. Yet stigma and discrimination of the ill has existed throughout human history in almost all societies and civilizations around the globe, so eradicating its practice is no easy task.
The “S” word…Survival
When some of us think of disease we immediately associate it with death and rarely associate disease with life. Although this may appear to be just a matter of commonsense, having a disease does not automatically mean a death sentence. In fact many people who have suffered from a debilitating illness have accredited their disease to teaching them the true meaning of survival. Disease-related advocacy campaigns around the world have focused on survival as their central theme and message because survival signifies hope not just for a future cure but also for life itself. In the end, whether we are diseased or healthy we are all fighting to survive.
When some of us think of disease we immediately associate it with death and rarely associate disease with life. Although this may appear to be just a matter of commonsense, having a disease does not automatically mean a death sentence. In fact many people who have suffered from a debilitating illness have accredited their disease to teaching them the true meaning of survival. Disease-related advocacy campaigns around the world have focused on survival as their central theme and message because survival signifies hope not just for a future cure but also for life itself. In the end, whether we are diseased or healthy we are all fighting to survive.
The impact of disease on youth
In 2006 the World Heart Federation (WHF) leaped from the dreams of a handful of global youth leaders and partners into a fruitful reality as one of the leading disease advocacy organizations in the world specializing in youth advocacy. With chapters in several nations around the world, WHF has taken their advocacy projects from national to local levels of change. Some of their project areas include: Tobacco control, developing advocacy skills, and poor diets and physical inactivity. Of course beyond the efforts of global civil society agents, youth have also been impacted negatively by disease as in the case of millions of orphans as a result of the global HIV/AIDS epidemic, the hundreds of thousands of children who die each year from Malaria and other preventable diseases, and the growing number of acquired diseases among youth in heavily polluted developed nations. As young people we may not be immune to disease, but we can work to prevent discrimination of the ill and celebrate their survival.
In 2006 the World Heart Federation (WHF) leaped from the dreams of a handful of global youth leaders and partners into a fruitful reality as one of the leading disease advocacy organizations in the world specializing in youth advocacy. With chapters in several nations around the world, WHF has taken their advocacy projects from national to local levels of change. Some of their project areas include: Tobacco control, developing advocacy skills, and poor diets and physical inactivity. Of course beyond the efforts of global civil society agents, youth have also been impacted negatively by disease as in the case of millions of orphans as a result of the global HIV/AIDS epidemic, the hundreds of thousands of children who die each year from Malaria and other preventable diseases, and the growing number of acquired diseases among youth in heavily polluted developed nations. As young people we may not be immune to disease, but we can work to prevent discrimination of the ill and celebrate their survival.
Partnership:
B'Care had partnership with Network of HIV Positive People, NHP+, Narayana Concept School, A.P. State Junior Doctors Association, APJUDA, Vailankanni Institutions, college of BEd. Disney Minne Grant. Youth Service of America, YSA, USA, St. Peters Charity group, UK, Osmania Medical Students Association and Development, OMSD, Hyderabad, UN-Habitat, ACTAlive, GYSD, GYCA AP State AIDS Control Society, HEROES, Bill and Melinda gates etc. are the past partners in our activities. We make strategic alliance with different partners because this helps us to share the resources in any projects and the coverage capacities of the event by the partners are increased.
11) In the above all events, except 2 activities, the other all programs are sponsored by the parents of the trustees. Mrs Kamala Kumari Makarla and Mrs Sumathi Naidu B.R.
B'Care is "Bill Clinton Center for AIDS Research & Education, totally different from "Bill Clinton Foundation" But "Bill Clinton" is the spirit and the driving force behind B'Care's existence.
11) In the above all events, except 2 activities, the other all programs are sponsored by the parents of the trustees. Mrs Kamala Kumari Makarla and Mrs Sumathi Naidu B.R.
B'Care is "Bill Clinton Center for AIDS Research & Education, totally different from "Bill Clinton Foundation" But "Bill Clinton" is the spirit and the driving force behind B'Care's existence.
Innovation:
B'Care believes in innovative concepts. We were very successful in the past fancy dress activity at the IAC Bangkok. Mock agitation for Truth in PEACE i.e., "Satyagraha" Mahatma is back to the world to fight AIDS, and to drag the attention of world leaders on MDG goals and UNGASS declaration of commitment. We think different and we make difference in our strategies.
We are the few NGOs that has multiple strategies with multiple applications but the mission is ONE.
We are the few NGOs that has multiple strategies with multiple applications but the mission is ONE.
Gender Equality :
This issue is a very common and very aggressive in developing countries. B'Care believes in the equal treatment of both male and female members for any planning or implementation of the HIV/AIDS projects. Every gender has its own plus and minus points. However, there is a great imbalance in any social systems of India. The imbalance signifies the evil nature of men over the women. This makes B'Care to support more women side or widows living with HIV/AIDS.
Yes, B'Care initiatives helped in empowering to gender equity. BNP+ of B'Care has a greater contribution, our projects of Candle making and tailoring has major contribution too. Our visual voices depict the message of Gender equity and empowerment of widows living with HIV/AIDS in our International Peace tiles collages and paintings.
Yes, B'Care initiatives helped in empowering to gender equity. BNP+ of B'Care has a greater contribution, our projects of Candle making and tailoring has major contribution too. Our visual voices depict the message of Gender equity and empowerment of widows living with HIV/AIDS in our International Peace tiles collages and paintings.
Sustainability and action at scale:
Yes, B'Care prevention activities demonstrate sustainability in many routes. For instance B'Care organized the mural project "beautiful struggle" an International project signifies one of the MDGs, HIV/AIDS, did a mural on the Osmania Govt. Hospital entrance, where daily thousands of people and PLWHA watch it and carry the message with them. This project as such is something perpetual. Similarly our International peace tiles project, address the issues of the HIV/AIDS, has sustainability because the Tiles are permanent at the place where pasted. Another example our Candle making and Tailoring project is a sustainable projects where we recycle the profits for support of HIV+ widows and infected and affected kids. The other activities that are pretty common, like awareness program can be reproduced as and when needed by repeating at the same or different places more innovatively and interestingly.
Greater involvement and empowerment of PLWHA (GIPA)
B'Care is totally dedicated to HIVers. This fundamental principle has an urge to involve PLWHA in all the activities, events, programs, projects etc. There is no single event of B'Care devoid of PLWHA.
Moreover, our BNP+ is pretty active registering as many PLWHA as possible. So during any projects or activities we invite them to take the lead roles coordinating the activities, organizing the event. This is a kind of encouragement that keeps them toned to the community HIV/AIDS prevention activity. BNP+ leaders are put in to mind in all our decisions. The BNP+ representatives have a high seat in all the activities, like any other dignitaries. In turn the BNP+ representatives believe in mobilizing the PLWHA. The BNP+ network is taught of the current issues that are globally happening. B'Care hones their skill to confront and fight for the justice. This is way the PLWHA are empowered under BNP+.
Moreover, our BNP+ is pretty active registering as many PLWHA as possible. So during any projects or activities we invite them to take the lead roles coordinating the activities, organizing the event. This is a kind of encouragement that keeps them toned to the community HIV/AIDS prevention activity. BNP+ leaders are put in to mind in all our decisions. The BNP+ representatives have a high seat in all the activities, like any other dignitaries. In turn the BNP+ representatives believe in mobilizing the PLWHA. The BNP+ network is taught of the current issues that are globally happening. B'Care hones their skill to confront and fight for the justice. This is way the PLWHA are empowered under BNP+.
Community Empowerment:
Our Initiatives have varied impacts because we have targeted communities in different way or polymorphic intervention. We target the certain community in certain tailor made intervention that suits perfectly, the system. This attracts them to come and involve with B'Care response to HIV/AIDS. For example we did Slum Talk AIDS, at Nandanavanam, very big colony of slum dwellers, prostitutes, PLWHA, waste pickers, beggers, house maids etc. This community infact appreciate mass events, like Burrakathas (stories in songs), folk dance etc. The success of the event at Nandanavanam is the evidence that tailor made strategic planning brought the success to it. Hence, we make such different attempts to different places. This above activity is the example of marginal groups and is how they involved in the response to HIV/AIDS, equally. The attraction of the event pulls all the groups surrounding, peer to peer encouragement and peer call activates the marginal groups to equally involve by learning and dissemination of the messages addressed. Our deep involvement with such marginalized communities is also as significant as they do with us or reciprocate with us. Only then we could be successful in our mission.
The above different initiative empowers the communities and its marginalized groups to take action by learning their role in the society or their own community. They learn the issues that are conflict full and incompatible to them, they learn to confront those issues, counteract or antagonize them to have a better existence in the same community. For example gender inequity is a major concern in same area, Nandanavanam is a dream thought. We found male dominance, which is pretty common issue. This issue lead to great exploitation on women. Our community participation and peer education empowers them to lessen or reduce such incidences.
The above different initiative empowers the communities and its marginalized groups to take action by learning their role in the society or their own community. They learn the issues that are conflict full and incompatible to them, they learn to confront those issues, counteract or antagonize them to have a better existence in the same community. For example gender inequity is a major concern in same area, Nandanavanam is a dream thought. We found male dominance, which is pretty common issue. This issue lead to great exploitation on women. Our community participation and peer education empowers them to lessen or reduce such incidences.
Bill Clinton Center for AIDS Research and Education (BCARE)
What does the organization do?
B'Care Initiatives Description
B'Care has multiple and measurable objectives to reach the goal or mission possible.
B'Care has chosen different roles like the following...
Prevention activities: Prevention of further transmission of HIV/AIDS, as our 'mission' we have chosen a number of ways possible, to meet the interventions. Using different methodologies, at different social settings, to different people, at different stratas to curtail further HIV transmission, respectively.
B'Care Initiatives Description
B'Care has multiple and measurable objectives to reach the goal or mission possible.
B'Care has chosen different roles like the following...
Prevention activities: Prevention of further transmission of HIV/AIDS, as our 'mission' we have chosen a number of ways possible, to meet the interventions. Using different methodologies, at different social settings, to different people, at different stratas to curtail further HIV transmission, respectively.
B'Care Educational & Awareness Activities:
B'Care basically does awareness activities and the educational activity w.r.t. HIV/AIDS, this can be in the form of session or disseminating seminar or gathering or big event or program or parade etc.
Example: B'Care mega health camp, where 5000 people from Hyderabad rural district benefited.
B'Care state level parade Dec. 2004, mobilized all the state junior doctors 1000 in number approximately, to participate in the state parade that had impacted 20,000 people approx. at the city public places and the busy centers.
B'Care conducted the GYSD supported by St. Peters Charity gruoup, UK, at Nandanavanam, rural Hyderabad, RR Dist, with a population of 5000 Slum dwellers, "Slum talk Aids"
B'Care conducted "Mummy ...daddy… make my life free from HIV/AIDS" sponsored by Youth Service America, YSA. Totally, 3 schools joined together with a strength of 2000 and public of 3000 carried a good message for the child and the parent.
B'Care conducted World AIDS Day seminar cum cultural program at the Narayana Concept school with a strength of 1000 teen students.
B'Care conducts ad hock campaigns in the deep slums, counsels them at the B'Care Center.
B'Care basically does awareness activities and the educational activity w.r.t. HIV/AIDS, this can be in the form of session or disseminating seminar or gathering or big event or program or parade etc.
Example: B'Care mega health camp, where 5000 people from Hyderabad rural district benefited.
B'Care state level parade Dec. 2004, mobilized all the state junior doctors 1000 in number approximately, to participate in the state parade that had impacted 20,000 people approx. at the city public places and the busy centers.
B'Care conducted the GYSD supported by St. Peters Charity gruoup, UK, at Nandanavanam, rural Hyderabad, RR Dist, with a population of 5000 Slum dwellers, "Slum talk Aids"
B'Care conducted "Mummy ...daddy… make my life free from HIV/AIDS" sponsored by Youth Service America, YSA. Totally, 3 schools joined together with a strength of 2000 and public of 3000 carried a good message for the child and the parent.
B'Care conducted World AIDS Day seminar cum cultural program at the Narayana Concept school with a strength of 1000 teen students.
B'Care conducts ad hock campaigns in the deep slums, counsels them at the B'Care Center.
B'Care Research Center:
B'Care did many community research activities, analysis of different communities, elucidation and extraction of different subjects among the communities that paves way to the pandemic HIV/AIDS. Behavioral studies of different communities, etc.
B'Care also submitted abstracts in the IAC, Barcelona, Bangkok, Toronto 2006, SAHARA (selected) and ICAAP Kobe (selected) etc.
B'Care supported "HIV sub-typing research" of National AIDS Research Institute, NARI Pune.
B'Care contributed to GYCA-OIYP Case study collection
B'Care did many community research activities, analysis of different communities, elucidation and extraction of different subjects among the communities that paves way to the pandemic HIV/AIDS. Behavioral studies of different communities, etc.
B'Care also submitted abstracts in the IAC, Barcelona, Bangkok, Toronto 2006, SAHARA (selected) and ICAAP Kobe (selected) etc.
B'Care supported "HIV sub-typing research" of National AIDS Research Institute, NARI Pune.
B'Care contributed to GYCA-OIYP Case study collection
B'Care Fine Arts Initiative:
B'Care has chosen art as medium of expression for passing the message of HIV/AIDS.
Examples: B'Care participated in the International peace tiles project, where it did 2 workshops. One with NHP+ and another with Narayana School and HIV infected and affected kids.
B'Care was one of the grass roots NGO that got selected for the "Beautiful Struggle" 1000-word project. Recently, B'Care with Canadian delegates unveiled the Beautiful Struggle Mural at the Osmania Govt. General Hospitals, largest hospital of the state.
B'Care proposed to hold a painting exhibition in the ensuing "8Wonders of the world" event at Agra, 'Taj Mahal' B'Care also submitted proposals for the Mural as a pre conference event and body painting and a fun full, innovative, participatory, PLWHA involving 'global village' event at the IAC, Toronto 2006.
Examples: B'Care participated in the International peace tiles project, where it did 2 workshops. One with NHP+ and another with Narayana School and HIV infected and affected kids.
B'Care was one of the grass roots NGO that got selected for the "Beautiful Struggle" 1000-word project. Recently, B'Care with Canadian delegates unveiled the Beautiful Struggle Mural at the Osmania Govt. General Hospitals, largest hospital of the state.
B'Care proposed to hold a painting exhibition in the ensuing "8Wonders of the world" event at Agra, 'Taj Mahal' B'Care also submitted proposals for the Mural as a pre conference event and body painting and a fun full, innovative, participatory, PLWHA involving 'global village' event at the IAC, Toronto 2006.
B'Care Cultural Initiative:
B'Care adopted cultural activities like performing arts or instrumental or skits or vocal to implement in the meetings / disseminating seminars that can tone the concept of "Positive Living" or address or fight or agitate on the general issues confronted by PLWHA. We use this as a weapon in the battle of HIV/AIDS.
Example: B'Care cultural performance in the IAC, Barcelona and selection in the ICAAP, Kobe.
Many local programs and meetings adopted the same policy, this gives a different impact on the public. These grabs attention retains audience and activate them in the meet to hear the message of AIDS. B'Care submitted in the Toronto 2006 cultural activity program, CAP.
Mock agitation for Truth in PEACE i.e., "Satyagraha" Mahatma is back to the world to fight AIDS, and to drag the attention of world leaders on MDG goals and UNGASS declaration of commitment.
IAC, Bangkok 2004
B'Care adopted cultural activities like performing arts or instrumental or skits or vocal to implement in the meetings / disseminating seminars that can tone the concept of "Positive Living" or address or fight or agitate on the general issues confronted by PLWHA. We use this as a weapon in the battle of HIV/AIDS.
Example: B'Care cultural performance in the IAC, Barcelona and selection in the ICAAP, Kobe.
Many local programs and meetings adopted the same policy, this gives a different impact on the public. These grabs attention retains audience and activate them in the meet to hear the message of AIDS. B'Care submitted in the Toronto 2006 cultural activity program, CAP.
Mock agitation for Truth in PEACE i.e., "Satyagraha" Mahatma is back to the world to fight AIDS, and to drag the attention of world leaders on MDG goals and UNGASS declaration of commitment.
IAC, Bangkok 2004
B'Care Small scale business Initiative (BSSBI):
In our community work, 80% of the total infected women we encounter young widows who are HIV+, an asset left by the husband died of AIDS. Their in-laws and own family members throw these women out of home. B'Care SSBI takes those women and directs them to SSBI like Tailoring and Candle making activities. These widows make some profit to the BSSB Initiative for the basic running and maintenance of the project. Hence such BSSB Initiative can support HIV+ widows and their kids or orphan kids, with a meager salary under employment basis. B'Care also empowers the same women to confront conflict in the gender equity.
We have started this initiative recently. This is in growth phase.
B'Care Youth force:
BYF is a positional group of the youth community.
iB'Care youth network, working for the all youth community for their betterlife in our state or locality. BYF follows with the guidelines of the Global Youth action Network and Global Youth Coalition on HIV/AIDS.
In our community work, 80% of the total infected women we encounter young widows who are HIV+, an asset left by the husband died of AIDS. Their in-laws and own family members throw these women out of home. B'Care SSBI takes those women and directs them to SSBI like Tailoring and Candle making activities. These widows make some profit to the BSSB Initiative for the basic running and maintenance of the project. Hence such BSSB Initiative can support HIV+ widows and their kids or orphan kids, with a meager salary under employment basis. B'Care also empowers the same women to confront conflict in the gender equity.
We have started this initiative recently. This is in growth phase.
B'Care Youth force:
BYF is a positional group of the youth community.
iB'Care youth network, working for the all youth community for their betterlife in our state or locality. BYF follows with the guidelines of the Global Youth action Network and Global Youth Coalition on HIV/AIDS.
B'Care Network of Positive People, BNP+:
A inhouse network that enables HIV victim to get together with common agenda of Positive Living. BNP+ gives free membership to all PLWHA. We have a database of all our BNP+ members in order to involve them in all the HIV/AIDS activities. BNP+ has a self-help group formation for women or widows, who run the project like Candle making or Tailoring projects. BNP+ members are guided to government hospitals, counseled at times and taken care or monitored under ARV medication, nutritional supplements.
All the above initiatives and efforts made a good impact addressing different issues of HIV/AIDS, the initiative propagated the interest to know and interest to pass the message of HIV/AIDS. This could bring down the stigma and discrimination, negligence and ignorance etc. Various educational activities helped the community to come forward for the STI check up, HIV testing, attend counseling, etc.
Overall, we do promote 80% prevention activities and 10% research and 10% care and support.
A inhouse network that enables HIV victim to get together with common agenda of Positive Living. BNP+ gives free membership to all PLWHA. We have a database of all our BNP+ members in order to involve them in all the HIV/AIDS activities. BNP+ has a self-help group formation for women or widows, who run the project like Candle making or Tailoring projects. BNP+ members are guided to government hospitals, counseled at times and taken care or monitored under ARV medication, nutritional supplements.
All the above initiatives and efforts made a good impact addressing different issues of HIV/AIDS, the initiative propagated the interest to know and interest to pass the message of HIV/AIDS. This could bring down the stigma and discrimination, negligence and ignorance etc. Various educational activities helped the community to come forward for the STI check up, HIV testing, attend counseling, etc.
Overall, we do promote 80% prevention activities and 10% research and 10% care and support.
World Health Organization (WHO)
Mission/Vision
The World Health Organization, the United Nations specialized agency for health, was established on 7 April 1948. WHO's objective, as set out in its Constitution, is the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health. Health is defined in WHO's Constitution as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
The World Health Organization, the United Nations specialized agency for health, was established on 7 April 1948. WHO's objective, as set out in its Constitution, is the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health. Health is defined in WHO's Constitution as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
What does the organization do?
Sponsor conferences, seminars, lectures, workshops, and other exchanges of information and materials concerning all aspects of water related diseases thereby encouraging the continuing professional education of its members and the general knowledge of the public.
» Publish, support...
[ view more ]
Sponsor conferences, seminars, lectures, workshops, and other exchanges of information and materials concerning all aspects of water related diseases thereby encouraging the continuing professional education of its members and the general knowledge of the public.
» Publish, support or sponsor resource directories, bibliographies, inventories, periodical journals, occasional papers, reports and related materials concerning water related diseases thereby stimulating greater use of emerging technologies in research and treatments.
» Promote improvements in the academic education of scientists, by sponsoring awards for outstanding achievement, and by other means that foster excellence in scientific research related to clean water, and the treatment and prevention of diseases transmitted via water.
» Engage specifically in activities designed to influence legislation directly or indirectly relating to the furtherance of the corporation's goals.
» Participate in other activities conducive to furthering the corporation's goals.
» Publish, support...
[ view more ]
Sponsor conferences, seminars, lectures, workshops, and other exchanges of information and materials concerning all aspects of water related diseases thereby encouraging the continuing professional education of its members and the general knowledge of the public.
» Publish, support or sponsor resource directories, bibliographies, inventories, periodical journals, occasional papers, reports and related materials concerning water related diseases thereby stimulating greater use of emerging technologies in research and treatments.
» Promote improvements in the academic education of scientists, by sponsoring awards for outstanding achievement, and by other means that foster excellence in scientific research related to clean water, and the treatment and prevention of diseases transmitted via water.
» Engage specifically in activities designed to influence legislation directly or indirectly relating to the furtherance of the corporation's goals.
» Participate in other activities conducive to furthering the corporation's goals.
Global Council on Water Diseases
Mission/Vision
The goal of the Global Council on Water Diseases is to change these statistics. We invite your input on how to proceed; we will publish, for review or comment, your unpublished works about water and its relationship to diseases on our web site, and provide a discussion forum for you to share insights and ideas on the subject.
The goal of the Global Council on Water Diseases is to change these statistics. We invite your input on how to proceed; we will publish, for review or comment, your unpublished works about water and its relationship to diseases on our web site, and provide a discussion forum for you to share insights and ideas on the subject.
Health Initiatives
Mission/Vision
Health Initiatives (HI) aims to empower young people under 27 living with HIV/AIDS. We provide tailored services with accurate, age appropriate information and counselling that motivates young people to take control of their lives when testing and living with HIV/AIDS.
What does the organization do?
Health Initiatives (HI) has grown and impacted sexual health beyond the classroom. Findings and information were presented at conferences including The Fresh Blood Conference, National Children’s Bureau and the NHS. Addressed MPs ‘All Parliamentary Group on AIDS’ and the Department of Health on sexual health issues, young people and HIV.
Opportunities for Youth
HI is a HIV peer run charity in the UK to provide services specifically for young people under the age of 27. Youth is offered a space where they can meet and interact with each other. They can find accurate, age appropriate information and counselling that motivates them to take control of their lives when testing and living with HIV/AIDS.
Health Initiatives (HI) aims to empower young people under 27 living with HIV/AIDS. We provide tailored services with accurate, age appropriate information and counselling that motivates young people to take control of their lives when testing and living with HIV/AIDS.
What does the organization do?
Health Initiatives (HI) has grown and impacted sexual health beyond the classroom. Findings and information were presented at conferences including The Fresh Blood Conference, National Children’s Bureau and the NHS. Addressed MPs ‘All Parliamentary Group on AIDS’ and the Department of Health on sexual health issues, young people and HIV.
Opportunities for Youth
HI is a HIV peer run charity in the UK to provide services specifically for young people under the age of 27. Youth is offered a space where they can meet and interact with each other. They can find accurate, age appropriate information and counselling that motivates them to take control of their lives when testing and living with HIV/AIDS.
Health Initiatives
Mission/Vision
Health Initiatives (HI) aims to empower young people under 27 living with HIV/AIDS. We provide tailored services with accurate, age appropriate information and counselling that motivates young people to take control of their lives when testing and living with HIV/AIDS.
What does the organization do?
Health Initiatives (HI) has grown and impacted sexual health beyond the classroom. Findings and information were presented at conferences including The Fresh Blood Conference, National Children’s Bureau and the NHS. Addressed MPs ‘All Parliamentary Group on AIDS’ and the Department of Health on sexual health issues, young people and HIV.
Opportunities for Youth
HI is a HIV peer run charity in the UK to provide services specifically for young people under the age of 27. Youth is offered a space where they can meet and interact with each other. They can find accurate, age appropriate information and counselling that motivates them to take control of their lives when testing and living with HIV/AIDS.
Health Initiatives (HI) aims to empower young people under 27 living with HIV/AIDS. We provide tailored services with accurate, age appropriate information and counselling that motivates young people to take control of their lives when testing and living with HIV/AIDS.
What does the organization do?
Health Initiatives (HI) has grown and impacted sexual health beyond the classroom. Findings and information were presented at conferences including The Fresh Blood Conference, National Children’s Bureau and the NHS. Addressed MPs ‘All Parliamentary Group on AIDS’ and the Department of Health on sexual health issues, young people and HIV.
Opportunities for Youth
HI is a HIV peer run charity in the UK to provide services specifically for young people under the age of 27. Youth is offered a space where they can meet and interact with each other. They can find accurate, age appropriate information and counselling that motivates them to take control of their lives when testing and living with HIV/AIDS.
Children's AIDS Health Program
Mission/Vision
Our primary objective is to be an organization that helps provide treatment for AIDS for children under the age of 16. We plan to be an organization that encourages youth to be involved with this cause. Our goal is not only to educate children with AIDS, but also to educate others to prevent AIDS. Our longterm goal is to build a health care centre in third world countries specializing in AIDS for children. Aside from treatment and education of AIDS, we plan to help children with AIDS to live their life as a kid and not miss out on their childhood. Our secondary object is to provide oneonone support for families with children with AIDS. We also plan to expand our cause throughout the world and create awareness
What does the organization do?
One approach CAIDSHP has taken to face the current HIV and AIDS crisis has been to travel to Third World countries to impact the lives of youth infected or affected by HIV and AIDS.
In 2006, we travelled to South Africa, affecting the overall well-being of over 350 children and youth by distributing nutritional supplements and food, providing them with the opportunity to engage actively in sporting and arts activities, providing HIV and AIDS education/prevention, and giving them the confidence and counseling necessary to gain leadership skills.
To bring attention to another severely inflicted country where help is desperately needed, in the summer of 2007, we went to Tamil Nadu, India to continue to make an impact on youth around the world through educational and supportive workshops. We believe that attention needs to be drawn to India, which has long had the most HIV and AIDS cases in Asia.
Opportunities for Youth
We encourage everyone, especially youth, to get involved with the HIV/AIDS awareness campaign. Youth can become a part of our organization through volunteering with us on the national scale and/or international scale.
We also have a program called YOUTHRAP (Youth Opportunities in Understanding and Transforming HIV/AIDS Research And Policy) where we create youth positions on HIV/AIDS organization's board of directors, working groups and grant review committees. This will create leadership opportunities in HIV/AIDS for youth, prepare the next generation of leaders in the struggle against HIV/AIDS and ensure youth representation in decision-making processes.
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